Imagery in Lycidas Essay -- Poetry John Milton

Imagery in "Lycidas" "Lycidas," a poem written by John Milton as a memorial to Edward King, a classmate at Cambridge, reflects Milton's reverence for nature, his admiration of Greek Mythology, and his deeply ingrained Christian belief system. In "Lycidas," Milton combines powerful images from nature and Greek Mythology along with Biblical references in order to ease the pain associated with the premature death of King. King drowns at sea in the prime of his life and Milton is left to make sense of this tragedy. Milton not only mourns the loss of a friend; he is also forced to face his own mortality. Milton questions the significance of writing poetry when he will inevitably die. Milton copes with the subject of death by insisting on the glory of a Christian life and the promise of rebirth into the joyous spiritual world of heaven after death. Milton begins "Lycidas" by introducing Mythical imagery. Milton writes, "Yet once more, O ye Laurels, and once more/ Ye Myrtles brown, with Ivy never sear" (1-2). In the poem Laurels refers to the crown of poetry given by Apollo, while myrtle refers to the Greek goddess Venus, and Ivy to the god Bacchus. Then Milton introduces powerful symbolism derived from nature. He writes, " I com to pluck your Berries harsh and crude, / And with forc'd finger rude, (3-4). Milton is first alluding to the forced and premature writing of his poetry in the memorial to his classmate Edward King. Secondly, he is perhaps alluding to the premature and violent death of his classmate. In the passage King is the "Berrie" that has been "plucked" before it is ripe or mature. The "Berrie" (King) is "plucked" with "forc'd finger rude," which suggest some degree of violence in his death. It seems that this passa... ... in the glory of heaven. King's spirit will live on. King is the, "Genius of the shore" (184). In "Lycidas" Milton speaks through many voices. From Greek Gods to Biblical figures, Milton shields his voice and personifies these figures who address the subject of death in a less worldly language. This method of writing not only demonstrates Milton's broad education, it also serves to lighten a heavy subject. Shielded by Mythology and motivated by the optimism of Christianity, one can approach the subject of mortality with hope and give meaning to life. Without hope this subject would most likely force the reader to spiral down into deep despair. Bibliography Flannagan, Roy. Ed. The Riverside Milton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. New Jersey: Prentice Hall , 2000.

Impact of Market Revolution Essay

The end of the war of 1812 brought a large amount of pride to the Americans. From then on came about the transportation revolution which brought about many changes. The major shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy introduced various changes not just in politics but at the lives of many americans. The beginning of the market revolution marked the ending of the Federalist presence in the government while introducing a variety of modifications to the jeffersonian-republican party. These economical and political changes gave about notable chances in the status of labor, the class structure ultimately affecting the lives of american families. The market economy introduced many changes to the job industry by giving rise to the industrial worker most notably in new england. The many mills during the early 19th century were composed of women who seeked to better themselves, in part these women had to submit to their bose’s will when it came to their unstable wages. Even so the vast amounts of jobs that were left unfulfilled gave rise to immigration from Europe. The introduction to the Irish and German immigrants gave rise to wage jobs from skilled jobs which erupted many notable riots from the residents around New England. The waged workers were regarded as â€Å"wage slaves† by many riots due to them having a job that consumed most of their time as well as because of the unstable wages. These eventually led up to the creation of various workingmen parties. The most notable change that occurred during the 1820s was the rise of the new middle class which included doctors and teachers just to name a few. and the fall of the artisan class. This gave rise to the merchants in the class structure as they were the most benefited from the market revolution. The classes played a very important role during the market revolution. The difference of sexuality affecting wages still persisted. Even so, the rise of education during the second great awak ening allowed for better opportunities to become a â€Å"self made man† diminishing the dependence of workers on their bosses. The most affected thing during the market revolution was perhaps the life of american families. The role of the wife and the children changed to a certain point. The wife was expected to provide emotional and spiritual to the husband and her children and caring this being what the cult of  domesticity promoted. The increasing economic gap between the rich and the poor prevented excessive breeding this being due to the economic burden that children were viewed as. This led to the increase of child labor in industrial factories and mills. The market revolution brought many changes with it these heavily influencing the status of labor, the class structure ultimately impacting american families. The shift from an agrarian republic brought changes such as waged jobs while introducing a great influx of immigrants. The widening gap between the rich and the poor were in it’s part negative but in it’s part was positive when it came to education. The life of american families was perhaps the most affected with the introduction of the cult of domesticity and the ideals that reform movements engraved on married women Planning Status of Labor: People began to work on a timely schedule Received hourly wages Development of industries and factories Seed drill, reaper, cotton gin, steel plow increased production rates and made work easier Samuel Slater’s American Factory System Lowell textile Mills Workforce composed of women Young unmarried women hired Mostly from farms Under the promise of wages ; Unstable Wages Class structure: Artisans were going down the social class Women and children were inferior to men received lower wages than men Wealthy merchants were going up the social class ere heads of industries and factories

The Reason Of United States Invades Iraq - 1607 Words

# 1 the reason of United States invades Iraq First of all , the first step is going to talk about why United States invades Iraq in 2003. for serveral reasons as illustrates: First of all, due to implementing the economic sanction, the United States invasion of Iraq was in 2003 and the United States also occupied the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. To be specific, according to research it is showing that referring to the Gulf War, the United Nations asked Iraq to abandon all chemical and biological weapons is worried that these weapons will bring negative influence to the society and world. As it is being showing by The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) performed inspections in Iraq to make sure that the conditions of the peace agreement that followed the first Gulf War were carried out. (Jakobsen NTNU n.d.). Secondly, in order to take military sanctions against Iraq, Washington s own unilateral to take-no-fly zones in northern and southern of Iraq. At the same time, after the G ulf War, President George W. Bush and President Bill Clinton signed an agreement which is a Legally effective power of attorney in order to overthrow and dismantle Saddam Hussein s regime and preventing Saddam s military coup. It is not only the performance of the expans preventing Saddam s military coup, but also it can take effective meanon for the Iraqi military. In addition, in order to allow Iraq to unconditionally accept and remove all chemical-related weapons of massShow MoreRelatedThe United States Invasion Of Iraq1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic Surprise On March 20, 2003 the United States entered into a conflict on two fronts. While the United States military was moving into Iraq, the American economy was taking the first assault of a long and expensive fight. Victory was declared several years ago, and many are content to leave the story at that point. Advocates of the war have hailed its expediency and relatively minimal cost to the United States and its allies. The facts support a different conclusion. The truth lies inRead MoreEssay on frames of the iraqi war861 Words   |  4 Pagesideas pertaining to the War in Iraq. Throughout the last three years, as more and more information becomes available, the reasons for going to war with Iraq has changed. The War in Iraq would be considered a social movement. Therefore, it has many collective action frames, which legitimize a set of beliefs about a certain action or movement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first pro-war frame is the first reasoning that the government gave for going to war with Iraq in the beginning – weapons ofRead MoreWhy United States Invades Iraq1521 Words   |  7 Pages First of all , the paper first way is going to expound about why United States invades Iraq in 2003 for serveral reasons as illustrates: first of all, since United States want to implement the economic sanction to Iraq, they start to invade the Iraq in 2003 and also occupied the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. To be specific, according to research information is clearly shown that due to the Gulf War, the United Nations asked Iraq to stop all chemical and biological weapons because they are worried thatRead MoreTerrorism Between Iraq And The United States Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages After the gulf wars, a ceasefire was negotiated between the United Nations coalition and Iraq. During the ceasefire, the United Nations became aware that Iraq had started a biological warfare program in the 1980s, as well as a chemical warfare program. Upon further investigation, they found that these programs had not continued after the war. As a result, the United States main focus moving forward was the removal of the Saddam regime, their official foreign policy for years to come focused on thisRead MoreThe War Of The United States1639 Words   |  7 PagesHonors P.6 9 February 2015 Iraq War The United States has intervened in many countries throughout history. Some countries became better off with the help that was given by the United States, while other countries stayed static, or became even worse. The war with Iraq is a great example of the horrors that the United States can create when she decides to mess with other countries. America thought that she knew what was best for Iraq, but America was wrong. The United States should not have gottenRead MoreThe Debate Over The U.s. Invasion Of Iraq1165 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Debate over the U.S. invasion of Iraq continues to foment dissension among international relation theorists. While the invasion can be evaluated through different IR theories, majority suggest the invasion can be assessed through two popular IR theories: Realism and Marxism. Also, I found another useful theory, which will fit in the case if this invasion is security dilemma. There is always controversial among international politics scholars, which discussed the theories that wereRead MoreWars Throughout Our History and Our World Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pageswith the statement of the definition of war, the Just War Theory also includes theories such as Jus ad bellum, Jus in Bello, and Jus post bellum. All of these state that there are specific ways to declare war on another country, or countries. Although, each country has its own guidelines as to when a war is just or unjust; for the United States, we have a set of rules and regulations that we must follow. There are also ru les that the soldiers have to follow; these are called rules of engagement. TheseRead MoreEssay The Invasion of Iraq was Illegal1703 Words   |  7 Pageswarranted war, then we might also need to invade Zaire, Zimbabwe, Syria, Libya, China, and a host of other countries† (Babka) . This is a common argument that has been brought up by others who believe the invasion of Iraq was illegal. However, the failed diplomatic policies of the United States are what led to the failed invasion of Iraq. George W. Bush sent an invasion to Iraq with only Congress approving his â€Å"Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002†. However, he didRead MoreThe Democratic Peace Theory : Political And Cultural Similarity And Limits Of Democracy1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe dispute. rested on these factors, democratic countries could sustain the so-called peaceful state. In contrast, this peaceful state would not exist between non-democratic countries. the reasons why democratic countries can keep the peace cause. (1) Democratic Norms and Cultures.In Common, the so-called normative interpretation (Normative Explanations). The explanation considers that the reason for why democracies don t war, mainly because of the democratic countries have similar culture andRead MoreHegemonic Internationalism, Pursuit of National Interests?1070 Words   |  5 Pagesand the United States are all examples of a nation pursuing hegemonic internationalism. Hitler ultimately wanted to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in Europe. To achieve this, he pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum (living space) for the Aryan people; directing the resources of the state towards this goal. This included the rearmament of Germany, which was utilized in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. In response, the United Kingdom

Themes In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy - 747 Words

Throughout Dante Alighieri’s work, The Divine Comedy, he employs the use of first person and an immense level of detail to create a story like no other. Dante’s use of a combination of people from famous historical figures to people who were still living at the time helps humanize everything and applies actual human emotions. Alighieri also uses a first person point of view to help connect and relate to its readers and imagery allows them to picture the setting and characters better. Because of The Divine Comedy’s complicated themes and settings, Dante write’s in a journal-like fashion and vividly describes most of the work to get across to readers more clearly. One of the most important reasons Alighieri chose to use a first person†¦show more content†¦The only one who knows was, obviously, God; A being who of course does not simply state everything for us. The next tactic Alighieri uses is imagery. Now it’s safe to say that most of the contents of this story have never been express before†¦ ever. Even back then people had as little of an understanding of it as we do now which Dante prevented as best he could. By creating hauntingly vivid descriptions that will stick with you for God knows how long. â€Å"†¦ ran naked in a swarm of wasps and hornets/ that goaded them the more they fled, / and made their faces stream with bloody gouts/ of pus and tears that dribbled to their feet/ to be swallowed there by loathsome worms and maggots.† [Canto III of Inferno] is just a sample of the stunning amount of detail that went into this work of morbid art. Beings (the word ‘characters’ doesn’t feel correct) such as the Holy Trinity and Satan are packed with so many allegorical meanings that it feels impossible to state all of them. Since most these descriptions are unorthodox to say the least, it is almost necessary to describe them with the level of detail Dante uses. More commonly throughout the story, Dante describes the geography of the Inferno, Purgatory, and Paradise. â€Å"And all seven, in a single view, / showed me their masses, their velocities, / and the distances between each purlieu. / And turning there with the eternal Twins. / I saw the dustyShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesItaly, brought about a literary revival. One of the writers that influenced this revival is Dante Alighieri, a 13th century poet from Florence, Italy. His world famous epic, La Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy , through the journey into the three hells, expresses a universal truth of good versus evil. Alighieri’s life of heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer and Virgil has affectedRead MoreThe Inferno is a work that Dante used to express the theme on his ideas of Gods divine justice. Gods divine justice is demonstrated through the punishments of the sinners the travelers encounter.2641 Words   |  11 PagesThesis statement: In Dantes Inferno, the first part of the Divine Comedy, Dante develops many themes throughout the adventures of the travelers. The Inferno is a work that Dante used to express the theme on his ideas of Gods divine justice. Gods divine justice is demonstrated through the punishments of the sinners the travelers encounter. 1) Introduction A. An overview Dante Alighieris life, writing style and the Inferno B. Dante Alighieris life during the torrential times of the Florentine historyRead MoreDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead MoreCanto Xx of Dantes Inferno1074 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of The Souls Damned in Canto XX from Dante Alighieri’s Inferno Introduction Virgil and Dante find themselves in Circle Eight, Bolgia Four. The damned in this circle are all diviners and soothsayers, viewed by Dante as practitioners of impious and unlawful arts who attempt to avert God’s designs by their predictions. Virgil implies that those who do prophesy believe that God Himself is â€Å"passive† in the face of their attempts to foresee, and possibly change, the future. For such impietyRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, Islam, and Dante ´s: What Are We? Essay817 Words   |  4 Pages Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Dante’s: What are we? The Inferno is the first part of Dante Alighieris epic three-part poem, The Divine Comedy. In this poem, Dante develops many themes throughout the adventures of his travelers from political to religious. The Inferno is a poem that Dante used to explain and show his ideas of Gods divine justice. Throughout this story religion comes up and shows the comparison of the different Hells and beliefs. This paper develops the connectionsRead MoreThe Between Faith And Reason Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesSaint Augustine, Aquinas, and Dante are all philosophers that question and analyze the balance between faith and reason in human life. All three men are on personal journeys to better understand not only themselves, but their faith as well. Although the three have different writing styles, Augustine’s The Confessions, Aquinas’ Summa Contra Gentiles, and Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, all share the common theme of faith and reason. These pieces of writing are extremely influential, which areRead MoreInferno And The Divine Comedy1834 Words   |  8 PagesInferno (c. 1314) serves as the first part of Dante Alighieri’s poem Divine Comedy which is a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. On a broader level, Divine Comedy serves as an allegory for the journey of the soul towards God through the created earth. Inferno and the Divine Comedy serve as a form of scholastic thought, the rational study of religion, as Dante draws on medieval theology to share the modern view on God and the afterlife. This essay explores Dante’s perception of the universeRead MoreDante s Inferno, By Dante899 Words   |  4 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, one chapter of three in Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy, the main protagonist of the poem, Dante frequently uses romance and love as one of the main themes to express his message and vision of Hell he portraits in the story. Dante’s Inferno is an epic poem about a recounting of Da nte and his incredible journey through Hell and its many levels while he is being guided by Virgil. In the story, Hell is shown to have nine levels of suffering depending on what kinds of sin you committedRead MoreInferno - Dan Brown1253 Words   |  6 Pagesas these themes eventually formed the backdrop for his books. He is a graduate of Amherst College and Philips Exeter academy. Dan Brown is the of â€Å"The Da Vinci code,† one of the most widely read novels of all time, as well as two other international best sellers featuring Harvard symbologist, Robert Langdon, â€Å"The lost symbol† and â€Å"Angels and demons†. He lives in New England with his wife, Blythe. â€Å"Inferno† is the underworld as described in Dante Alighieri’s epic poem â€Å"the divine comedy†, which portraysRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare And Inferno1358 Words   |  6 Pagesand Inferno, a poem, by Dante, both highlight the topic of justice. Being from different time periods and composing stories of different genres, having different definitions of justice. Justice in The Tempest is Prospero, the protagonist who is stranded on an island, returning to Milan and reclaiming his rightful dukedom. Justice in Inferno is divine, with God’s creation of nine levels of Hell with individualized punishments for sinners. In both texts, Shakespeare and Dante similarly prove that justice

Corporate Finance - 761 Words

1. Which one of the following is a means by which shareholders can replace company management? A. stock options B. promotion C. Sarbanes-Oxley Act D. agency play E. proxy fight 2. Decisions made by financial managers should primarily focus on increasing which one of the following? A. size of the firm B. growth rate of the firm C. gross profit per unit produced D. market value per share of outstanding stock E. total sales 3. Which one of the following is the financial statement that shows the accounting value of a firms equity as of a particular date? A. income statement B. creditors statement C. balance sheet D. statement of cash flows E. dividend statement 4. Which one of the following is the financial statement†¦show more content†¦What is the price of this stock today given a required return of 15 percent? A. $67.54 B. $69.90 C. $72.47 D. $77.67 E. $78.19 15. Hardwoods, Inc. is a mature manufacturing firm. The company just paid a $10 dividend, but management expects to reduce the payout by 9 percent each year, indefinitely. How much are you willing to pay today per share to buy this stock if you require a 15 percent rate of return? A. $34.79 B. $37.92 C. $38.27 D. $41.33 E. $42.09Show MoreRelatedCorporate Finance Notes1881 Words   |  8 PagesStudy notes By Zhipeng Yan Corporate Finance Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey Jaffe Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance ..................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 Accounting Statements and Cash Flow.............................................................. 3 Chapter 3 Financial Markets and NPV: First Principles of Finance................................... 6 Chapter 4 Net Present Value....................................Read MoreNotes for Corporate Finance2082 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate Finance Notes * Chapter One: Introduce to Corporate Finance 1. Three Questions: A. 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For moreRead MoreCorporate Finance4881 Words   |  20 PagesTrends of Leverage 7 2.3 Comparison of capital structure with similar companies 9 2.4 Capital expenditures and its financing 10 2.5 Important factors influencing the use of debt financing 10 2.5.1 Tax Advantage 10 2.5.2 Corporate Tax Rate 11 2.5.3 Credit rating 11 2.5.4 Interest rate 11 2.5.5 Company’s Industry 12 2.5.6 Company’s growth rate 12 2.5.7 Some other arguments about Harvey Norman 12 2.6 Evidence of financial distress 13 Read MoreCorporate Finance1421 Words   |  6 Pagesoperating earnings of the firm. The capitalization is to be made at a rate appropriate to the risk class of the firm. Growth Plans, are involved in capital structural theories in which a certain amount will be allocated for the growth plans. A finance manager should draw a plan according for the dividend policy. For Example: The firm has $10 million as equity capital and $6 million as debt capital and the firm made a profit (after tax) of $2 million, and the fund allocated to the growth plan wasRead MoreCorporate Finance - Concept Questions12247 Words   |  49 Pagesquestions of corporate finance? a. Investment decision (capital budgeting): What long-term investment strategy should a firm adopt? b. Financing decision (capital structure): How much cash must be raised for the required investments? c. Short-term finance decision (working capital): How much short-term cash flow does company need to pay its bills. ( Describe capital structure. Capital structure is the mix of different securities used to finance a firms investmentsRead MoreFundamentals of Corporate Finance 9e82683 Words   |  331 Pageshttp://helpyoustudy.info Chapter 01 - Introduction to Corporate Finance Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following terms is defined as the management of a firm s long-term investments? A. working capital management B. financial allocation C. agency cost analysis D. capital budgeting E. capital structure Refer to section 1.1 AACSB: N/A Difficulty: Basic Learning Objective: 1-1 Section: 1.1 Topic: Capital budgeting Read MoreCorporate Business Finance 7343 Words   |  30 PagesCorporate Business Finance Seminar 5 Project Finance Lauren Leigh Essaram 207507339 Ruvimbo Mukorera 206525531 27 September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the duly performed requirement of International Business Finance, School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract Non-recourse financing has grown in popularity, especially in developing countries. 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A corporations managements primary responsibility is to maximize the shareholders wealth which translates to stock price maximization. Corporate finance provides

Therapists Role in Gastric Bypass Procedure Free Essays

A Therapists Role in A Pre-Surgical Interview for a Gastric Bypass Procedure Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of the psychologist when evaluating a patient seeking a gastric bypass procedure. To this date there is no standard avenue given to those conducting the interview. Due to the limited knowledge of long term success post-surgery a guideline is given for psychologists to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapists Role in Gastric Bypass Procedure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Continued research is needed to determine what may be needed in the interview that is not being addressed at this time. A Therapists Role in A Pre-Surgical Interview for a Gastric Bypass Procedure A huge problem in the United States for the average individual is obesity. While traditional weight loss programs are failing and more extreme methods are being used, psychologists are being called upon to determine if individuals are mentally fit to have a procedure called Bariatric surgery (ie, gastric bypass). This procedure is used for populations of people whom are extremely obese. Therefore extremely obese patients are turning to this unconventional method to lose weight. Unlike traditional weight lose methods whose risks are low, gastric bypass procedures have high health risks involved. In order for this surgery to be successful patients need to reframe their thinking after surgery to continue to maintain the weight that is lost due to the procedure. There have been no clear assessment tools psychologists’ use for pre-op assessment but many psychologists are using a standard assessment to determine if the individual is a candidate for bar iatric surgery. Even though a patient may not want to undergo a psychological evaluation it is a necessary criterion in order to undergo this extreme weight loss procedure. The information a psychologist collects in the pre-op procedure is why they are seeking surgery, diet and weight history, what are their habits currently in regard to eating, educating patient that future lifestyle changes associated with behavior modification therapy, history and current social supports, and any psychiatric symptoms (current and past) (Snyder 2009). The psychologist’s 3 responsibilities during the assessment is to collect a history about the patient, act as an educator providing information to patient about the psychological aspect of the surgery, and the therapist motivating the patient to seek post surgical behavior modification treatment while helping the client deal with emotions that may come up during the evaluation (Snyder 2009). The psychologist’s initial question is the patient’s reason for surgery and what are they hoping to accomplish. The therapist therefore will determine the clients expectations to assess if the client has unrealistic expectations centered around the surgery results (ie. motivation due to only changing physical appearance). The results may suggest the patient may not be a candidate for surgery. Researchers have learned the motivation for surgery should be strictly for health reasons (Bauchowitz, A. , 2007). Patients that have unrealistic expectations regarding weight loss are prone to issues of depression when the surgery and outcome is not what they expected. The second area assessed is a review of the patients eating habits past and current. Researchers found that clients learned messages from family that were contributing factors to weight gain (ie. eat everything on your plate) (Gibbons, L. M. , et al. , 2006). Psychologists’ also determine if a client has had past failures with diets and if not the client is encouraged to try dieting before seeking surgery. The philosophy behind this way of thinking is due to getting used a healthy lifestyle with food intake. The role of the psychologist here is to educate the patient with what will be needed in the future to maintain their ideal weight. They are warned going back to old behaviors with eating behaviors and habits could result in gaining all their weight back. Also, psychologists help the patient if they are dealing with shame for failed diet attempts in the past. Another area of assessment is determining the patient’s current eating behavior. It is important for the therapist to determine the motivation for behavior modification and also seek out eating disordered clients. The patient is also questioned about their plan for exercise post surgery. The biggest finding about non-compliance among failures with post treatment was the lack of motivation for exercise (Snyder 2009). Psychologists also determine if a client is bulimic due to the dangers of a bulimic client can have with gastric bypass procedures. Psychologists at this point educate the patient on the importance of exercise for long term benefits of surgery (Snyder 2009). The psychologist also educates the patient to help them to understand what they are agreeing to when seeking gastric bypass. The therapist also should point out the consequences of going back to the past ifestyle with eating behavior (Snyder 2009). Another area of importance is the social network of family and friends the patient has when having surgery. The social network can make or break a patient’s success or failure. Therefore, it is important for the psychologist to understand the patient’s social network in the past and present. Negative consequences of the surgery (ie. affair) ca n lead to jealousy of the spouse and present sabotaging behavior of the spouse. Therefore it is important for a psychologist to address issues that could present themselves if applicable (Snyder 2009). One of the primary reasons an interview is conducted pre-surgery is to determine if there are any psychiatric disorders that might interfere with success of surgery. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, psychosis, mania, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, history of abuse, family history of mental disorders, and any treatment regarding mental health issues are assessed. An examination called a Mini-Mental Status is given to the patient to determine any psychiatric complications that can present themselves (Fabricatore, Crerand, Wadden , et al. 2006). The MMPI-2 is a psychological test given to pre-surgical candidates for a gastric bypass. This is a way to validate that the psychologist’s assessment interview are the same as compared to the MMPI-2. The psychologist should instruct the client to answer all questions honestly so the test results will be accurate. If the clients’ results show defensiveness with the test results the test may have to be taken again (Walfish, S. , 2007). The Millon Behavior Medicine Diagnostic allows for norms within the population that have undergone surgery. These two tests have been selected for psychologists to use even though there are other tests available. In conclusion, it is important for patients to be assessed before having surgery. The psychologist role is to understand the readiness of a patient and how emotional issues can challenge long term success. The psychologist’s role also is to educate the client on all possible issues that they may face post surgical. Overall, this demonstrates how important a pre-surgical evaluation is needed to increase success for the patient short and long term. References Allison G. Snyder (2009) Psychological Assessment of the Patient Undergoing Bariatric Surgery. The Ochsner Journal: Fall 2009, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 144-148. Bauchowitz, A. , L. Azarbad , K. Day , and L. Gonder-Frederick . Evaluation of expectations and knowledge in bariatric surgery patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007. 3 5:554– 558. Devlin, M. U. , J. A. Goldfein , L. Flancbaum , M. Bessler , and R. Eisenstadt . Surgical management of obese patients with eating disorders: a survey of current practices. Obes Surg 2004. 14 9:1252–1257. Fabricatore, A. N. , C. E. Crerand , T. A. Wadden , et al. How do mental health professionals evaluate candidates for bariatric surgery? Survey results. Obes Surg 2006. 16 5:567–573 Gibbons, L. M. , D. B. Sarwer , C. E. Crerand , et al. Previous weight loss experiences of bariatric surgery candidates: how much have patients dieted prior to surgery? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006. 14 suppl 2:70S–76S. Walfish, S. Reducing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory defensiveness: effect of specialized instructions on retest validity in a sample of preoperative bariatric patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007. 3 2:184–188. How to cite Therapists Role in Gastric Bypass Procedure, Essay examples

Relationship Between Ecstasy And Memory Essay Example For Students

Relationship Between Ecstasy And Memory Essay Can there be a Relationship between Ecstasy and Memory in the Human Body? Target Article: Parrott, A.C Lasky, J. (1998) Ecstasy (MDMA) effects upon mood and cognition: before, during and after a Saturday night dance. Psychopharmacology, 139, 261-268. Additional Article: Parrot, A.C., Lees, A., Garnham, N.J., Jones, M., Wesnes, K. (1998). Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA of ‘ecstasy’: evidence for memory deficits. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12, 79-83. Rationale and Variables: The Experiment that was conducted in class determined the affects of ‘ecstasy’ or MDMA on the participants’ memory. In addition to testing for their ability to recall information it also looked at the number of false memory that were related to the actual word â€Å"slow† in the class study. In the experiment Dr. Earleywine used a list of words that were to be memorized, and recall in a given time. This study is related to another experiment conducted by A.C Parrott and J. Lasky. In their study they looked at the effects of â€Å"ecstasy† or MDMA on mood and cognition. They tested three groups: non- MDMA, novice-MDMA users, and regular MDMA users. They used different methods to test the three groups, included in the methods was word recall, which was also used in the class study by Dr. Earleywine. The result from that experiment showed that â€Å"ecstasy† or MDMA users did have memory problems. Another study was also c onducted by A.C. Parrott, A. Leess, N.J Garnham M. Jones, and K. Wesnes, which was relate also to the other experiments. This experiment was conducted using three groups: non-MDMA, novice-MDMA and regular MDMA users. They used series of methods to conduct their study, and found their results similar to the earlier study. Analyzing the finding of the two studies, Dr. Earleywine decided to do a study with the mind set of making a connection between the rates of intrusions that participants who have used MDMA, compared with the rate of intrusions with participants, who did not use MDMA. The independent variables were the two groups MDMA users and non-MDMA users, and the dependent variables are the intrusions, and words recalled. Methods: The data for the experiment was collected form students that were taking psychology at University of Southern California. The participants included 145 women and 92 men. The ethnicity background included Caucasian, African/Caribbean, Asian/Pacific Isla nder, Latino, Native American, and others, which were not specified. The age of the participants averaged 19.578 years. The procedure of experiment started when Dr. Earleywine distributed the surveys to the participants. In the survey, questions regarding ecstasy and other drugs were asked. The participants were asked to put a check next to statements that were true to them. In the statement the participants were asked if they used MDMA in there life time or if they have never used it. They were also asked their race, age, sex and year in school. When the participants completed the questioner, Dr. Earleywine read a list of 16 words, pausing a few seconds between each word. When he was done reading the list, there was a 30-seconds period of silence in the lecture room. After the 30-secondes, the participants were asked to recall words that they believed were read and to write them on the back of one of the surveys. Results: The study that was conducted produced results that were not very significant to our predicament. We predicted that the data we would receive would back up the two studies that were conducted, and would also be strong enough to make a statement of it’s own. But our prediction was far form backing up the two articles that we read. It was stated that 63.7% never used MDMA and 36.3% used MDMA in their lifetime. When the data was analyzed between the two groups, for intrusions and target intrusions they were identical for the most part. The MDMA users in our study were not more likely to make target intrusions. In the recall area of the study, the non-MDMA users recalled an average of 8.8600 words out of 16, and MDMA users averaged 8.1125 words. For the intrusion part of the study the non-MDMA users made 1.0200 intrusions on average and the MDMA users averaged 1.0000 intrusions. This result for the intrusion was so similar it would not be considered significant to make any conclusion in the study. .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .postImageUrl , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:hover , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:visited , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:active { border:0!important; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:active , .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69 .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc00541f2cd28a521d9ee7dd8e585cc69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A doll house theme EssayDiscussion: the result in the study showed that there was less than 1 word difference between two groups regarding the number of words recalled out of 16. The result that was collected in the study for the most part makes little connection between MDMA and memory. The data that was received could not be analyzed, because the differences between the two are very small to make any conclusion. The result that we received compared to the two articles is very different. This could be due to the way the experiment was conducted in the psychology class. The study was conducted similarly to that of Parrott and Lasky, the results could have been different. I n their study, the subject groups: non-MDMA, novice MDMA, and regular MDMA users, were determined after a screening process. There was a set standard to define the three different groups. Also, the study could have been different if they followed the procedure of the Parrott, Lees, Garnham, Jones and Wesnes study. In their study, the participants for the three groups were defined and tested to line up with the participant’s answers of classification. In the study that was conducted in class the subject were not classified clearly, and our result turned out differently than the two experiments. There was also another limitation that affected our result, 7 of the 237 people did not participant in the recall part of the study. It should be noted that six out of seven participants had used MDMA in their lifetime. This fact compared to the number of students that participated, can limit the accuracy of the results collected. Critique and Suggestion: This study was not very effecti ve in determining the connection that MDMA has on memory. One problem with the study includes how there were only two groups being studied. One group was participants that have used at least once, and those who have never used MDMA before. The classification for the study that was conducted needed to be more detailed so there was a distinction between participants that are non MDMA users, and those that used it once in a while, and those that are regular users. This would significantly change the result that was received because it would give it a better balance and would support the prediction that were made before the study was conducted. In the future when the participants are given questioners that would classified them as users or not, another question should be asked if they are user to state number of times used. The result could be grouped in the number of usage of MDMA and analyzed to give the study a favorable result that would back up the other studies that were conducted . The second problem with the study was that there was only a single trial of word recall task. The study should have not based their result in one memory based trial. If there were at least two or three-targeted word then the results would have been large and could have been compared between the different recalls that the participants wrote down. The result would have been different, because the more information that the study receives the better and more reliable that result becomes. Which in turn would have supported the two articles that related to the study. The third problem with the study was it failed to determine if other drugs that also impair memory were used with ecstasy. To make the study only exclusive to MDMA it should be taken to consideration if other drugs that impaired memory were also used. Psychology Essays